El 13.5% de los dominicanos todavía no alcanza a cubrir los requerimientos energéticos mínimos para llevar una vida saludable, lo que equivale a decir que 1 millón 400 mil personas están subalimentadas.
El informe “Panorama de la Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional en América Latina y el Caribe”, publicado a finales del año pasado por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO, por sus siglas en inglés) y la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS/OMS) revela que a pesar de que el porcentaje de población subalimentada se redujo del 24.4% al 13.5% en un periodo de diez años, todavía persisten importantes desafíos a nivel de malnutrición.
Asimismo, evidencia una caída de la tasa de desnutrición crónica, medida por la proporción de niños con retraso en el crecimiento, que pasó de 21.2% en la década de los 90, a un 7.1% en el año 2013.
La situación actual refleja que siete de cada 100 niños menores de 5 años presentan deficiencias acumulativas de la salud o la nutrición, resultado de condiciones sanitarias, nutricionales y alimentarias inadecuadas que, a su vez, tienen repercusión en capacidades cognitivas reducidas y alteraciones en el sistema inmunológico. La FAO asocia la desnutrición crónica a las condiciones económicas de los hogares y de los países, y particularmente a la desigualdad; “así, mientras mayor sea la desigualdad, mayor será la concentración de la desnutrición crónica en los hogares más pobres”, dice el estudio.
La desnutrición aguda, es decir la deficiencia de peso para la altura en niños menores de cinco años, se sitúa en 2.4%, mientras que el sobrepeso por la ingesta excesiva de alimentos y/o de alimentos de alto contenido calórico, sodio y grasa, en ese mismo periodo, es de 7.6%.
30 de cada mil niños muere en RD
La investigación también pone su atención en indicadores relativos a la mortalidad materna e infantil y a las enfermedades no transmisibles como la diabetes e hipertensión, dada su vinculación con el Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible número 2, que busca poner fin al hambre y garantizar la seguridad alimentaria.
Según la OMS, el 45% de las muertes infantiles a nivel mundial están asociadas a problemas de malnutrición, particularmente en los niños que padecen malnutrición aguda grave, que tienen mayores probabilidades de morir por diarrea y enfermedades como la neumonía.
Según el estudio, del 1990 a la fecha, todos los países de la región avanzaron en la reducción de la tasa de mortalidad gracias al reforzamiento de los programas de vacunación, promoción de la lactancia materna, programas de ayuda alimentaria y control prenatal, con excepción de cinco países, incluido la República Dominicana, donde por cada mil niños que nacen, mueren 30, en su mayoría por causas prevenibles. Sólo le supera Haití, donde la relación es de 89 muertes por cada 1,000 nacimientos.
Lactancia materna incide en muertes neonatales
Un problema que incide en la mortalidad infantil es la baja tasa de lactancia materna exclusiva hasta los seis meses. Según la OMS, esta práctica reduce la posibilidad de que el recién nacido padezca enfermedades potencialmente graves para los neonatos como la diarrea e infecciones respiratorias, además de que previene el sobrepeso y algunas enfermedades no transmisibles. En el país, la tasa de lactancia exclusiva en menores de seis meses es de apenas 4.7%, la segunda más baja de la región, por detrás de Surinam que tiene una tasa de 2.8%.
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